在工業(yè)加工領(lǐng)域，異形鋁條的折彎需求日益多樣化，從復(fù)雜的建筑裝飾線條到精密的機(jī)械配件，全自動(dòng)鋁條折彎?rùn)C(jī)憑借精準(zhǔn)控制能力成為實(shí)現(xiàn)異形折彎的核心設(shè)備。要讓設(shè)備折出理想的異形鋁條，需從工藝規(guī)劃、設(shè)備調(diào)試到分步操作進(jìn)行全流程把控，每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都藏著塑造異形輪廓的關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)。

　　In the field of industrial processing, the bending demand for irregular aluminum bars is becoming increasingly diversified. From complex architectural decorative lines to precision mechanical components, fully automatic aluminum bar bending machines have become the core equipment for achieving irregular bending with precise control capabilities. To make the device fold into an ideal shaped aluminum strip, it is necessary to control the entire process from process planning, equipment debugging to step-by-step operation, and each link contains key details for shaping the shaped contour.

　　前期工藝規(guī)劃與模型構(gòu)建

　　Pre process planning and model construction

　　折異形鋁條前，需先明確目標(biāo)形狀的技術(shù)參數(shù)。通過(guò) CAD 軟件繪制異形鋁條的三維模型，標(biāo)注出每個(gè)折彎角的度數(shù)、折彎半徑、直線段長(zhǎng)度等關(guān)鍵尺寸，尤其要注意非對(duì)稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu)或復(fù)合曲線的拐點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)。例如，折制帶弧線段的門(mén)框鋁條時(shí)，需將弧線分解為若干段微小直線折彎的組合，計(jì)算出每段的折彎角度與位移量。同時(shí)，根據(jù)鋁條的材質(zhì)（如 6063 或 5052 鋁合金）和厚度（1-5mm 不等），查詢(xún)材料的屈服強(qiáng)度與延伸率數(shù)據(jù)，以此確定折彎時(shí)的最小彎曲半徑，避免因折彎半徑過(guò)小導(dǎo)致材料開(kāi)裂。

　　Before folding the irregular aluminum strip, it is necessary to first clarify the technical parameters of the target shape. Draw a 3D model of the irregular aluminum strip using CAD software, and mark key dimensions such as the degree of each bending angle, bending radius, and length of straight segments, paying special attention to the inflection point coordinates of asymmetric structures or composite curves. For example, when folding aluminum door frames with curved segments, the arc needs to be decomposed into several combinations of small straight line bends, and the bending angle and displacement of each segment need to be calculated. At the same time, based on the material (such as 6063 or 5052 aluminum alloy) and thickness (1-5mm) of the aluminum strip, the yield strength and elongation data of the material are queried to determine the minimum bending radius during bending, in order to avoid material cracking caused by too small a bending radius.

　　將三維模型導(dǎo)入折彎?rùn)C(jī)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)前，需進(jìn)行工藝拆分。對(duì)于多折彎工序的異形件，要規(guī)劃折彎順序，遵循 “先小角度后大角度、先外側(cè)后內(nèi)側(cè)” 的原則。如折制 “Z” 字形鋁條時(shí)，應(yīng)先完成底部折彎，再進(jìn)行頂部折彎，避免后續(xù)折彎對(duì)已成型部分產(chǎn)生干涉。同時(shí)，在模型中標(biāo)記出鋁條在模具上的定位基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)，通常選擇長(zhǎng)度方向的端面或已加工的孔位作為定位參考，確保后續(xù)加工時(shí)位置精度。

　　Before importing the 3D model into the CNC system of the bending machine, process splitting is required. For irregular parts with multiple bending processes, it is necessary to plan the bending sequence and follow the principle of "small angle first, large angle second, outer side first, inner side second". When folding the "Z" shaped aluminum strip, the bottom bending should be completed first, and then the top bending should be carried out to avoid interference with the already formed part during subsequent bending. At the same time, mark the positioning reference points of the aluminum strip on the mold in the model, usually selecting the end face in the length direction or the processed hole position as the positioning reference to ensure the positional accuracy during subsequent processing.

　　設(shè)備調(diào)試與模具適配

　　Equipment debugging and mold adaptation

　　全自動(dòng)折彎?rùn)C(jī)的模具選擇需匹配異形件的折彎需求。標(biāo)準(zhǔn) V 型模具適用于直線折彎，而折制弧形或特殊截面時(shí)，需更換定制的成型模具。例如，折制圓弧鋁條時(shí)，需使用帶有圓弧凹槽的上模和相應(yīng)弧度的下模，模具的弧度半徑應(yīng)比目標(biāo)鋁條的半徑大 0.5-1mm，以補(bǔ)償材料回彈。安裝模具時(shí)，通過(guò)設(shè)備的模具定位系統(tǒng)校準(zhǔn)上下模的對(duì)齊度，并用塞尺檢查模具間隙，確保間隙值等于鋁條厚度的 1.2 倍（如 3mm 厚鋁條對(duì)應(yīng) 3.6mm 間隙），避免間隙過(guò)小壓潰材料或過(guò)大導(dǎo)致折彎角度偏差。

　　The selection of molds for fully automatic bending machines needs to match the bending requirements of irregular parts. Standard V-shaped molds are suitable for straight bending, but when bending curved or special sections, customized molding molds need to be replaced. For example, when folding curved aluminum bars, it is necessary to use an upper mold with curved grooves and a lower mold with corresponding curvature. The curvature radius of the mold should be 0.5-1mm larger than the radius of the target aluminum bar to compensate for material rebound. When installing the mold, calibrate the alignment of the upper and lower molds through the mold positioning system of the equipment, and check the gap between the molds with a feeler gauge to ensure that the gap value is equal to 1.2 times the thickness of the aluminum strip (such as a 3mm thick aluminum strip corresponding to a 3.6mm gap), to avoid material crushing due to too small a gap or bending angle deviation due to too large a gap.

　　調(diào)試設(shè)備的運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)時(shí)，先設(shè)定折彎速度。對(duì)于復(fù)雜異形件，初始速度應(yīng)控制在 5-10mm/s，待試折確認(rèn)無(wú)誤后再逐步提升至 15-25mm/s。壓力參數(shù)的設(shè)定需參考材料力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)，6063 鋁合金在 2mm 厚度下，折彎壓力通常為 8-12MPa，可通過(guò)設(shè)備的壓力測(cè)試功能，在廢料上進(jìn)行壓力梯度試驗(yàn)，找到既能保證折彎角度又不損傷表面的最佳壓力值。同時(shí)，調(diào)整后擋料裝置的定位精度，使用激光測(cè)距儀校準(zhǔn)擋料塊的位置，確保定位誤差不超過(guò) ±0.1mm，這對(duì)多段折彎的異形件尤為重要。

　　When debugging the motion parameters of the equipment, first set the bending speed. For complex shaped parts, the initial speed should be controlled at 5-10mm/s, and gradually increased to 15-25mm/s after confirmation of correctness through trial bending. The setting of pressure parameters should refer to material mechanics data. The bending pressure of 6063 aluminum alloy at a thickness of 2mm is usually 8-12 MPa. The pressure gradient test can be conducted on the waste material through the pressure testing function of the equipment to find the optimal pressure value that can ensure the bending angle without damaging the surface. At the same time, adjust the positioning accuracy of the material blocking device and calibrate the position of the blocking block using a laser rangefinder to ensure that the positioning error does not exceed ± 0.1mm, which is particularly important for multi segment bent shaped parts.

　　數(shù)控編程與分步折彎操作

　　Numerical Control Programming and Step by Step Bending Operation

　　在折彎?rùn)C(jī)的人機(jī)交互界面中，導(dǎo)入前期構(gòu)建的三維模型后，系統(tǒng)會(huì)自動(dòng)生成 G 代碼程序。對(duì)于異形件，需手動(dòng)優(yōu)化程序中的折彎順序和補(bǔ)償參數(shù)。例如，在程序中加入 “折彎 - 停頓 - 檢測(cè)” 的循環(huán)步驟，每完成一次折彎后，設(shè)備暫停 2-3 秒，讓鋁條釋放內(nèi)部應(yīng)力，減少連續(xù)折彎時(shí)的累積誤差。針對(duì)材料回彈現(xiàn)象，在程序中設(shè)置回彈補(bǔ)償值，通常 6063 鋁合金在 90° 折彎時(shí)回彈角為 2-3°，可將目標(biāo)角度設(shè)為 92-93°，通過(guò)回彈補(bǔ)償確保最終角度準(zhǔn)確。

　　In the human-computer interaction interface of the bending machine, after importing the 3D model constructed in the early stage, the system will automatically generate a G-code program. For irregular parts, it is necessary to manually optimize the bending sequence and compensation parameters in the program. For example, adding a loop step of "bending pause detection" in the program, the equipment pauses for 2-3 seconds after each bending is completed, allowing the aluminum strip to release internal stress and reduce cumulative errors during continuous bending. To address the phenomenon of material rebound, a rebound compensation value is set in the program. Typically, the rebound angle of 6063 aluminum alloy during 90 ° bending is 2-3 °, and the target angle can be set to 92-93 ° to ensure accurate final angle through rebound compensation.

　　開(kāi)始折彎操作時(shí)，先將鋁條放置在工作臺(tái)上，利用定位擋塊和夾具固定，確保鋁條的折彎線與模具的中心線重合。對(duì)于長(zhǎng)尺寸異形鋁條，需在懸空端加裝輔助支撐裝置，防止折彎時(shí)因重力下垂導(dǎo)致角度偏差。啟動(dòng)設(shè)備后，密切觀察折彎過(guò)程，首件加工完成后，使用三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量?jī)x或角度尺全面檢測(cè)尺寸精度，重點(diǎn)檢查折彎角度（誤差應(yīng)≤±0.5°）、直線度（每米≤0.3mm）和表面質(zhì)量（無(wú)劃痕、裂紋）。若檢測(cè)到某段折彎角度超差，可在程序中調(diào)整該步驟的壓力值或增加二次折彎修正工序。

　　When starting the bending operation, first place the aluminum strip on the workbench, use positioning blocks and fixtures to fix it, and ensure that the bending line of the aluminum strip coincides with the centerline of the mold. For large-sized irregular aluminum bars, auxiliary support devices need to be installed at the suspended end to prevent angle deviation caused by gravity sagging during bending. After starting the equipment, closely observe the bending process. After the first piece is processed, use a coordinate measuring instrument or angle ruler to comprehensively check the dimensional accuracy, with a focus on checking the bending angle (error should be ≤± 0.5 °), straightness (≤ 0.3mm per meter), and surface quality (no scratches or cracks). If the bending angle of a section is detected to be out of tolerance, the pressure value of this step can be adjusted in the program or the secondary bending correction process can be added.

　　誤差修正與量產(chǎn)優(yōu)化

　　Error correction and mass production optimization

　　當(dāng)異形鋁條的折彎誤差超出允許范圍時(shí)，需從多方面分析原因。若整體角度偏大，可能是壓力不足或回彈補(bǔ)償值設(shè)置偏小，可將壓力提高 1-2MPa 或增加回彈補(bǔ)償角 1°；若局部出現(xiàn)扭曲，可能是鋁條固定不牢或模具磨損，需檢查夾具壓力并更換磨損的模具部件。對(duì)于復(fù)雜的異形件，可采用 “分段試折 - 逐步修正” 的方法，先完成關(guān)鍵部位的折彎并檢測(cè)，再根據(jù)結(jié)果調(diào)整后續(xù)步驟的參數(shù)，避免一次性加工導(dǎo)致不可挽回的誤差。

　　When the bending error of the irregular aluminum strip exceeds the allowable range, it is necessary to analyze the reasons from multiple aspects. If the overall angle is too large, it may be due to insufficient pressure or a set rebound compensation value that is too small. The pressure can be increased by 1-2 MPa or the rebound compensation angle can be increased by 1 °; If there is local distortion, it may be due to the aluminum strip not being firmly fixed or the mold being worn. It is necessary to check the fixture pressure and replace the worn mold components. For complex shaped parts, the method of "segmented trial bending and gradual correction" can be used. First, the key parts are bent and tested, and then the parameters of subsequent steps are adjusted based on the results to avoid irreversible errors caused by one-time processing.

　　進(jìn)入量產(chǎn)階段前，需進(jìn)行連續(xù) 5-10 件的試生產(chǎn)，統(tǒng)計(jì)尺寸波動(dòng)范圍。若發(fā)現(xiàn)某段折彎的角度一致性差，可啟用設(shè)備的自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償功能，通過(guò)傳感器實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)折彎力和角度，動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整壓力參數(shù)。同時(shí)，定期（每 50-100 件）檢查模具的磨損情況，對(duì)圓角部位進(jìn)行拋光處理，確保模具精度穩(wěn)定。對(duì)于批量生產(chǎn)的異形鋁條，可在設(shè)備上加裝視覺(jué)檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)，每完成一件后自動(dòng)掃描輪廓，與三維模型比對(duì)，對(duì)超差產(chǎn)品實(shí)時(shí)標(biāo)記并剔除，保證批量產(chǎn)品的一致性。

　　Before entering the mass production stage, continuous trial production of 5-10 pieces is required to calculate the size fluctuation range. If the consistency of the bending angle of a certain section is found to be poor, the automatic compensation function of the equipment can be enabled, and the bending force and angle can be monitored in real time through sensors to dynamically adjust the pressure parameters. At the same time, regularly (every 50-100 pieces) check the wear of the mold, polish the rounded corners to ensure stable mold accuracy. For mass-produced irregular aluminum bars, a visual inspection system can be installed on the equipment to automatically scan the contour after each piece is completed, compare it with the 3D model, mark and remove out of tolerance products in real time, and ensure the consistency of the batch products.

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